In Western Europe, after the Collapse of the Western Roman Empire, coins, silver jewelry and hacksilver (silver objects hacked into pieces) were for centuries the only form of money, until Venetian merchants started using silver bars for large transactions in the early Middle Ages. In a separate development, Venetian merchants started using paper bills, instructing their banker
to make payments. Similar marked silver bars were in use in lands where
the Venetian merchants had established representative offices. The Byzantine empire and several states in the Balkan area and Kievan Rus
also used marked silver bars for large payments. As the world economy
developed and silver supplies increased, in particular after the
colonization of South America, coins became larger and a standard coin
for international payment developed from the 15th century: the Spanish
and Spanish colonial coin of 8 reales. Its counterpart in gold was the Venetian ducat.
Coin types would compete for markets. By conquering foreign markets, the issuing rulers would enjoy extra income from seigniorage
(the difference between the value of the coin and the value of the
metal the coin was made of). Successful coin types of high nobility
would be copied by lower nobility for seigniorage. Imitations were
usually of a lower weight, undermining the popularity of the original.
As feudal states coalesced into kingdoms, imitation of silver types
abated, but gold coins, in particular the gold ducat and the gold florin
were still issued as trade coins: coins without a fixed value, going by
weight. Colonial powers also sought to take away market share from
Spain by issuing trade coin equivalents of silver Spanish coins, without
much success.
In the early part of the 17th century, British East India Company coins were minted in England and shipped to the East. In England over time the word ‘Cash’ was adopted from Sanskrit ΰ€ΰ€°्ΰ€· karsa,[dubious ] a weight of gold or silver but akin to Old Persian π£πΌπ karsha, unit of weight (83.30 grams). East India Company coinage had both Urdu
and English writing on it, to facilitate its use within trade. In 1671
the directors of The East India Company ordered a mint to be established
at Bombay, known as Bombain. In 1677 this was sanctioned by the Crown, the coins, having received royal sanction were struck as silver Rupees; the inscription runs The Rupee of Bombaim, by authority of Charles II.
At about this time coins were also being produced for The East India Company at the Madras
mint. The currency at The Company’s Bombay and Bengal administrative
regions was The Rupee. At Madras, however, the Company's accounts were
reckoned in “pagodas”, “fractions”, “fanams”, “faluce” and “cash”. This
system was maintained until 1818 when the rupee was adopted as the unit
of currency for the Company's operations, the relation between the two
systems being 1 pagoda = 3-91 rupees and 1 rupee = 12 fanams.
Meanwhile, paper money
had been developed. At first, it was thought of for emergency issues,
hence were most popular in the colonies of European powers. In the 18th
century, important paper issues were made in colonies such as Ceylon and the bordering colonies of Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice. John Law did pioneering work on banknotes with the Banque Royale. However, the relation between money supply
and inflation was still imperfectly understood and the bank went under,
while its notes became worthless when they were over-issued. The
lessons learned were applied to the Bank of England, which played a crucial role in financing Wellington's Peninsular war, against French troops, hamstrung by a metallic Franc de Germinal.
The ability to create paper money made nation-states responsible for the management of inflation, through control of the money supply.
It also made a direct relation between the metal of the coin and its
denomination superfluous. From 1816, coins generally became token money, though some large silver and gold coins remained standard coins until 1927. The first world war saw standard coins disappear to a very large extent. Afterwards, standard gold coins, mainly British sovereigns, would still be used in colonies and less developed economies and silver Maria Theresa thalers dated 1780 would be struck as trade coins for countries in East Asia until 1946 and possibly later locally.
Cash has now become a very small part of the money supply. Its
remaining role is to provide a form of currency storage and payment for
those who do not wish to take part in other systems, and make small
payments conveniently and promptly, though this latter role is being
replaced more and more frequently by electronic payment systems.
Research has found that the demand for cash decreases as debit card
usage increases because merchants need to make less change for customer
purchases.[5]
Cash is increasing in circulation. The value of the United States dollar in circulation increased by 42% from 2007 to 2012.[6] The value of Pound Sterling banknotes in circulation increased by 29% from 2008 to 2013.[7] The value of the Euro in circulation increased by 34% from August 2008 to August 2013 (2% of the increase was due to the adoption of Euro in Slovakia 2009 and in Estonia 2011).[8]
